Leukoplakia on the lower anterior gum (gingiva). Biopsy shows moderate epithelial dysplasia.
On the right tongue and is oral cancer. Biopsy showed oral cancer.
Big and long ulcers in the left buccal mucosa and the undersurface of tongue of oral lichen planus patients. The ulcers are painful to the patients and difficult to manage due to the size and/or location.
More than 90% of the oral cancers are oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC, see image) that may develop from clinically visible oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD), including leukoplakia and erythroplakia.
Oral leukoplakia lesions lack appealing treatment options: currently watchful waiting until lesions need to be surgically excised, or chemotherapy or radiation Tx are indicated. Early treatment of clinically visible leukoplakia can avoid future development into oral cancers with high mortality & severe morbidity
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